英语句子成分分析及结构

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8种基本句子成分：
1.主语：表句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前面，充当主语的有名词、代词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。

e.g.Thetreesgrow very fast.

2.谓语：说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常在主语后（出疑问和倒装外）。一般由动词来充当。

e.g.The plane takesoff at8, but this morning it maybe delayedby the thick fog.

3.宾语：表动作行为的对象，在及物动词或介词后。充当宾语的有名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、从句、句子等。

e.g.He takes a bathevery morning.

4.表语：与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分，说明主语的性质和特征。长在系动词之后。充当表语的有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语从句等。

e.g.He turned doctorafter school, as his parents had expected.

Oh,it’syou.

5.定语：用来修饰名词或代词。单个词长放在被修饰词前面，短语或句子在被修饰词之后。充当定语的有数词、名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、从句等。

e.g.More than twentyworkers were fired.

Thisis a stonetable and hard enough to hold the load of goods.

6.状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词，表动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。

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位置比较灵活。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、形容词词组和名词词组、从句等。

e.g.Tom speaks english veryfastand i almost can’tunderstand him. Don’tstep on ht grass, forit is growing.

7.补足语：名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等皆可做补足语。e.g.We all find him funny.

Willyou please invite all of themin?

8.同位语：对句中的某一成分做进一步解释、说明，与前面的名词在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫同位语。常位于呗说明的词之后。可以作同位语的有名词、代词、数词、和从句等。

e.g.We have two foreign students, aCanadian and an American.

Theyeachcanget a chance to travel by air.

5种简单基本句型：
1.主语+谓语（不及物）（S+Vi）

She came.

We work.

My head aches.

2.主语+谓语（及物）+宾语（S+Vt+O）

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She likes basketball.	I study French.

3.主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（S+Vt+O+OC）
She makes her mother angry. The teacher asked me to read thepassage.

4.主语+谓语+间宾+直宾（S+Vt+INO+DO）
She gave John a book. She bought me a pen.

5.主语+系动词+表语 （S+V+P）
They are students. The leaves turned green. It tastes delicious.

另：Therebe 句型:
A: there be “某地有某人某物”
There are four seasons in a year.

B:运用其他动词的Therebe 结构（be,seem, appear,happen,exist）Thereseemed to be no one who really understand me.

Therelies a book on the desk.

（习惯上用V-ing形式做主语）C:There be no + 主语结构，
There is no parking around here.

附：常见系动词有：
be,become, get, turn, grow, taste, smell, feel, seem, look, appear,stand, lie, go, come, remain, keep, etc.

附属成分：
但常用的英语句并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩

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大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型 的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称为：定语（用来修饰 名词的单词、短语或从句）、状语（用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句）

定语
PoorJohn tottered toward a hospital nearby．

Shelikes oranges importedfrom the USA.

Johngave Mary manybooks，whichare full of illustrations．Haveyou seen the book onthe desk?

Theboy playingover thereis my brother.

Peopletherelikesports.

状语
Johnoftencame tochat with me．

Wheneverhe gets drunk，Johnmakes Mary very angry．Hearingthe news,he jumped with joy.

Ashe was ill,he didn’tcome to class yesterday.

Sheis sitting at the desk, doingher homework.

You’dbetter stayhere.

独立成分：
去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成份和句子的其他句中可以去掉的成份，
词没有语法的关系。

感叹词：oh,hello, aha, ah, alas 等。 Oh,What is that?

肯定词yes

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否定词no
称呼语：称呼人的用语。 Comehere, John.

插入语：一些句中插入的Ithink , I believe,等。

Thestory, I think, has never come to the end.

情态词:表示说话人的语气（多作为修饰全句的状语）:perhaps也许,maybe 大概,actually 实际上,certainly 当然，等。

省略成份:
句中被省略的成份，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：（You）Comehere．

（Iwish you）Goodluck！

Somegave him praises，butothers（gavehim）rotten eggs．

Heruns as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you.

(I ) Hope you like it.

Johnshould clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.

练习:指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’llgo dependon the weather .

2.People’sstandards of living aregoing upsteadily .
3.That washow they were defeated.

4.The nursery takes good care of ourchildren .

5.I’llreturn the book toyoutomorrow .

6.The woman witha baby in her arms ishis other .

7.There are many film thatI’dlike to see.

8.Have you met the personabout whom he was speaking ?9. I have a lot of work todo .

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10.AnywayI won’tstop you from doing it .

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

I said it in fun . Seeing this, some comrades became very worried . Much interested, he agreed to give it a try . The bus arrived ten minutes late . We should serve the people heart and soul. Spring coming on , the tree turned green . Some farmers saw something strange in the sky . It’s strange that she doesn’t come today . It was in the library that I come today .

20.He likes drawing at timeswhen he isn’tworking .
选择题

1、___six years since I began to study English.

A. It is

B. I have been

C. There are

D. It was

2、___in English in class every day is important.

A. Speak

B. Talking

C. Saying

D. To tell

3、Theremust be____ near the factory.

A.a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores

4、Thedoctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients.

A. show

B. shows

C. have shown

D. are showing

5、Yourson must be a clever boy, ___ he?

A. is

B. isn't

C. must

D. mustn't

6、Thecomputer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in

thisschool.

A. open

B. opening

C. opened

D. being opened

7、Don't___ excited.

A. get

B. is

C. seem

D. look

8、Thedays are ___ warmer and warmer in spring.

A. getting B. looking

C. seeming

D. going

9、Hisjob is____English.

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.	A. teach	B. to teach	..	D. teaches	.
			C. taught

10、___interestingwork we are doing!

A. What a

B. How

C. What

D. What an

11、Iwant___ a teacher when I grow up.

A. to be

B. to

C. be

D. being

12、-Wouldyou like to go on a picnic with me today?

-Idon't think so. To be honest, I really don't feel like___on a picnic.

A. going

B. to go

C. go

D. went

13、Doyou know___?

A.where does he live B. where he lives

C.where he live D.if where he lives

14、Isaw him ___ basketball with Jack an hour ago.

A. plays

B. to play

C. played

D. play

15、Sorry,we've kept you___ for a long time.

A. waited

B. sing

C. stand

D. waiting

16、Theteacher told us ____ late again.

A. aren't be

B. don't be

C. not to be D. not be

17、Ifound ___ difficult to work together with him.

A. it

B. its

C. that

D. those

18、Weall know ___ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.

A. that

B. this

C. which

D. it

19、Hefound ___ very interesting to play with the little dog.

A. what

B. it

C. /

D. that

20、Tomsaid he ___ a good dream yesterday evening.

A. dream

B. dreamed

C. have

D. has

21、Children___ a happy life in China.

A. lead

B. living

C. has

D. leading

22、-___skirt is that on the chair?

-Letme see. Oh, no, it's not mine.

.	A. Whose	B. What	C. Who's	D. Which	..
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23、Doyou have anything ___?

A. saying

B. to say

C. said

D. say

24、Thebox is ___ heavy for her ___ carry.

A. very; to

B. too; not to C. too; to

D. very too; to

25、Youcan see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?

A.Where else B.Where place else

C.Where else place D. Else where

26、Theywent out ___ their old friends.

A. visit

B. visiting

C. to visit

D. visited

27、Thereis a wide river____ our village.

A. outside

B. over

C. from

D. below

28、Theyoung man, ___ works in the office.

A. me brother

B. my brother

C. my brothers

D. me

29、OurEnglish teacher, ___ often helps us with study.

A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs’ Wang

C. Mrs Wang's

D. of him

30、___,some railway workers are busy repairing the train.

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简单句：
简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种:A 作一种述,B 提出一个问题,C 发出一种命令或请求,D 表示一种感叹.

Examples:
Theboy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.

Thegirl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.

Stephenapologized at once.

Doesthe shop close at 7 tonight?

Shutthe door.

Whata slow train this is!

两个简单句的宾语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。

1.I met Jane. Imet her husband.

Imet Jane andher husband.

Imet bothJane andher husband.

2.It was cold. Itwas wet.

Itwas coldand wet.

3.I didn’tmeet Jane. I didn’tmeet her husband.

Ididn’tmeet eitherJane orher husband.

Imet neitherJane norher husband.

两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。

Wesang all night. We danced all night.

Wesangand dancedall night.

并列句：
需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。

Wefished all day; we didn’tcatch a thing. (用分号)
tcatch a thing.(用分号，后跟一个连接副词)We fished all day; however, we didn’
Wefished all day, but (we) didn’tcatch a thing. (用并列连词and、but、so、yet 等)

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常用并列连词:
平行并列连词: and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor, andthen转折并列连词：but,however, while, yet
因果并列连词: for, so
选择并列连词: or, either…or, neither… nor
Exercise:
请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。

Hewent to bed. 1. He was tired.

______________________________________________________________
2.The child hid behind his mother's skirt. He was afraid of the dog.

______________________________________________________________3. He made a promise. He didn’tkeep it.

______________________________________________________________

复合句：
由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。

复合句=主句+从句 复合句 =简单句+从属连词+简单句
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：

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形容词性从句：定语从句
名词性从句： 主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句
状语从句： 时间、地点、方式、条件、原因、比较、结果、目的、让步 thatthematch had been canceled.

thatIcould have the money without delay.

1.He told me thenews.

whenhe was leaving for Paris.

thathis father was working in that school.

howmuch he was prepared to pay for my car.

howmuchhe was prepared to pay for my car and that I could havethe money without delay.

thathehas finished his work.

whetherhe has finished his work.

2.I don’tknow him.

thathe is leaving for Washington.

when(why,how,whether)he is leaving for Washington.

Whathe said who weresitting in the room.

What he did	surprised	who were present.
3. That		the people	in the room.

Thathe didn’tknow the answer whosesons were at war.

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.	..	who	.	signed	the
			had

contract.

whathe needs.

whathegave me.

4.That is thefact.
whyhe was late.

becausehe was ill.
whathas happened.

whereI lived

5. He worked	in that factory	three years ago.
	where his father worked	when he lived there

Whereyou took it
6.Put the book onthe desk.

Whereyou found it
练习：
指出下列各从句的类型
1.I believe thateverything is going on well.

2.She was reading a novel whenI came in.

3.She is the girl whosings best in my class.

用所给连词连接句子。

1.He has found out. She was late. (why)
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2.I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when) ______________________________________________________________将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。

1.He didn’tcome yesterday. He was ill. (原因)
______________________________________________________________
2.I’ll give the letter to him. I see him. （时间）
______________________________________________________________
3.It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果）
______________________________________________________________
4.We’llgo to the great wall. It’sfine tomorrow. (条件)
______________________________________________________________
5.We should not go there all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）______________________________________________________________

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